In Pictures

Water levels in major Amazon tributary tumble to record lows amid drought

Climate change and below-average rainfall have left the Rio Negro and other rivers at their shallowest levels ever recorded.

Large boats sit stranded on dry land amid a drought in the Amazon River basin. — Boats sit stranded on October 4 as the port of Manaus in Brazil struggles with record-low water levels. [Bruno Kelly/Reuters]

By News Agencies

It’s one of the largest rivers in the world. And its water levels have fallen to a record low.

Amid drought and wildfires, the Rio Negro plummeted to a depth of 12.66 metres (41.5 feet) on Friday, according to the Geological Service of Brazil, a government agency.

That’s the shallowest depth recorded since measurements were first taken in 1902. And researchers in the port city of Manaus fear water levels could further tumble as the dry season continues through much of October.

“This is now the most severe drought in over 120 years of measurement at the Port of Manaus,” Valmir Mendonca, the port’s head of operations, told the Reuters news agency.

The Rio Negro is a major tributary of the Amazon River — and a mighty waterway in its own right. The river drains more than 10 percent of the water in the Amazon River basin, and it is the sixth-largest river in the world by average discharge.

It is also the world’s largest blackwater river, with decaying plant matter giving its currents a characteristic dark colour.

But widespread drought has shrunk the Rio Negro and other waterways in the Amazon, creating an environmental and economic crisis.

Scientists believe climate change has exacerbated the usual dry-season conditions, leaving riverbeds dry, boats stranded and aquatic animals beached.

Some experts told local media the Rio Negro could fall below 12 metres before the end of the month. Friday’s measurements surpassed the record-low set last year, later in the dry season.

Other Amazon tributaries — including the Solimoes River, which intersects with the Rio Negro — have likewise seen historically low water levels.

The drought threatens to spark a humanitarian crisis for the more than 40 million people living in and around the Amazon. Residents rely on the waterways not only for drinking water and bathing but also for transportation and food.

Restaurant owner Erick Santos told the O Globo newspaper that businesses in his community of Puraquequara, situated along the Rio Negro, have been devastated by the drought. Basic food items are in short supply.

“Our revenue has dropped by 50 percent,” he told the paper. “On the weekend, it was common for people to jump into the water. Now everything is land.”

Researchers have also reported finding freshwater dolphins dead along riverbanks, due to stress from the drought.

In recent months, the Amazon rainforest has been struggling with below-average rainfall and man-made fires that have ravaged the dense tree cover, disrupting the tropical biome.

As much as 59 percent of Brazil is suffering the effects of the drought, according to government reports last month.

“This is the first time that a drought has covered all the way from the North to the country’s Southeast,” Ana Paula Cunha, a researcher at the National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters, said in a statement in September.

“It is the most intense and widespread drought in history.”

A man carries a branch of bananas across a dry riverbank. — A porter carries bananas brought by boat across a dry area of the Rio Negro at the port of Manaus in the Amazonas state of Brazil on October 4. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

A dock worker measures the water levels on the Rio Negro, using a small boat to look at a measuring stick affixed to the dock. — Dock worker Francisco Ferreira Pinheiro reads a metre stick in the Rio Negro at the port in Manaus. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

A port worker takes measurements below a pier, where a measuring stick has been placed on a piling. — Measurements at the Manaus port show the Rio Negro has fallen to its lowest levels since record-keeping began more than 120 years ago. [Bruno Kelly/Reuters]

An aerial view of the Port of Manaus, with riverbanks extended and dried by drought. — Along the port of Manaus, the waters of the Rio Negro had receded from the banks, leaving boats far from their usual docks. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

Porters carry goods up staircases set up next to stranded boats. — The low river levels have affected transportation along the Amazon basin's waterways and even access to hydroelectric power. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

Workers move food like bananas and other goods down a wooden staircase onto a dry river bank, off a boat. — Communities along rivers like the Rio Negro rely on waterways for the shipment of supplies, like food. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

The drought has also strained local economies and food systems that rely on the rivers for fishing, agriculture and drinking water. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

A house boat sits stranded under a bridge along the Rio Negro — Houseboats were seen stranded along the Rio Negro on October 4, with water levels expected to continue dropping. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

An aerial view of a dry riverbed along the Rio Negro in Brazil. — The severe drought has ravaged large swaths of Brazil, with approximately 59 percent of the country affected. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]

A boat with a blue roof sits on a dry riverbed where the Rio Negro used to flow. — An estimated 62 municipalities in the Brazilian state of Amazonas have declared a state of emergency as the drought stretches on. [Edmar Barros/AP Photo]